Contrary to some Christian interpretations of the Biblical Adam and Eve story, we are
not actually born with a sense of shame or guilt, though we are born with other instinctual emotions and reactions, for example, fear of heights, recognition of mother.
Shame and guilt are
learned societal behaviours. These feelings are actually thrust upon us by others early in life (ages 2-5). These are the ages when we learn self-sufficient behaviour, initiative, judgment, planning and independence. In our attempts at self-sufficiency, we also learn frustration, aggression, assertiveness, self-limits, success and failure in goal achievement,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson's_stages_of_psychosocial_development
Many animals learn shame (perhaps guilt as well) from their groups. Many do not. Have you ever tried teaching a puppy not to poo in the house? Anyone who has, knows what I mean - the long face and brooding afterwards, the tail held down when the dog is scolded.
He feels ashamed, but he doesn't know yet what he did wrong, because he forgets so quickly and doesn't connect the action of pooing in the house with "bad dog".
So we show him the poo, try to get him to make the connection. Eventually, if he's somewhat normal and you're a good trainer, he understands. Good doggy!!
Tail wags again - puppy is happy, he did the right thing!
Did you know wild animals do this as well? Animal behaviour fascinates me. I've been studying wild parrots almost daily for 8 years now and have this to share from another thread.
Smilla and Gottabrain:
All the stuff about the whales and pigs, yes, I get it.
But the stuff about the pig feeling ashamed??
Really?.........How do you know the pig was not REALLY thinking:
"Is that Chanel No. 5 you are wearing?"
or..."That poor little human, I have so much empathy, I just know she is feeling really envious of me getting to roll around in the mud and eat slops!"
Be brutally honest...take a deep breath....do you really know what little piggy was thinking (about your inverted guilt)?
DB, seriously - yes for parrots. I have no personal close experience with pigs but have read lots of stories of their high intelligence and emotions but can't personally confirm this.
Parrots learn shame (or something very equivalent to it) in their wild flocks. Those that are sick, disabled, different must eat last, are picked on by the other birds and somewhat "fair gamed". This is part of their intrinsic survival as a flock. It eliminates the diseased ones so the others stay healthy, it also eliminates weaker genes and keeps those who are not strong from eating when food is scarce. Those birds who are so segregated do not walk proudly, they are dependent on the others for survival and hold their heads down, try to act invisible in order not to be picked on. Some of the other birds are quite brutal - sneak up on them, peck at them, whatever it takes to show them they are NOT WANTED. It's quite awful to observe but I observe it almost daily and have for years. The weaker birds usually end up losing even the urge to care for their personal grooming. (Normally parrots are quite fastidious about their cleanliness and grooming, like cats.) But not ALL of them! Some of them that might have Beak and Feather disease, for example, are quite clever and seem to have a sense of self-confidence anyway, despite how they are treated.
Wouldn't you call that "shame"...?
In the last few days, I've been trying to put this all together.
Guilt is what one feels after one has done something wrong. Shame, on the other hand, is a lack of self-worth caused by rejection by a group or individual.
Shame is a LEARNED behaviour and it is also in direct opposition to a person or animal's personal survival.
Parrots with beak and feather disease regained a sense of belonging and lose their shame when they are put in a flock of similar birds. Most wild parrots, having never been picked on or excluded from their flock, never demonstrated shame of any kind.
The few disabled birds that do not exhibit shame or guilt behaviours are a fascinating study in themselves. Some have more than one flock or are a bit more cunning or observant than the average parrot. It appears that they have learned to hone their skills in a more individualised way, instilling a sort of self-confidence that they are worthy. They are not picked on nearly as badly as the others, either - the flock mostly treats them as "not really worthy, but not a disability either. Ignore".
The others, well - it is a self-perpetuating cycle. The more shameful they act, the worse they are treated. Their "shame" behaviour gives the others the idea they actually have a reason to be ashamed and acts like a magnet to the bullying ones.
My whole take on it is - Guilt is useful, but shame is personally destructive. Shame is a group mechanism, guilt is a personal mechanism. If you don't believe in yourself yet, start acting like you do, anyway, because it will change the way others treat you and eventually, you WILL believe in yourself.